Aims and background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now recognized as the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, affecting children from their earliest infancy through school and into adult life. Estimates suggest that ADHD affects 10–20% of the school-age population. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in sustaining attention. Usually starting in youth, the disorder can continue throughout adulthood. This study aims to review existing literature to analyze the effectiveness of cognitive activities in improving attention and executive function (EF) problems in ADHD. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and others were extensively searched for studies published from 2014 to the present. Included studies investigated the effectiveness of various cognitive activities in improving attention and EF as well as associated problems in children with ADHD. Data extraction and quality assessments were completed in accordance with preset standards. Results: Overall, 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were examined, where various activities based on cognitive rehabilitation to improve attention and EF were evaluated. Findings suggest that all activities were effective in improving attention and EF, some more than others. Conclusion: Overall, this review reveals promising potential benefits of cognitive-intensive physical interventions and emphasizes the importance of further research, including well-designed clinical trials and longitudinal studies, to validate and refine the observed trends. However, a comprehensive approach that combines various interventions tailored to individual needs remains crucial. Clinical significance: This study aims to empower these stakeholders with a practical and accessible tool for improving attention and EF problems in children with attention deficit disorder through a literature review, aiding in early identification and intervention design. It will provide valuable insights for practitioners, therapists, parents, and caregivers, improving patient outcomes and promoting inclusive educational practices.

Traumatic dental injuries often occur to the upper anterior teeth and their supporting tissues; they are mostly the main reasons for an emergency visit to a dental clinic. Horizontal root fractures are typically identified by a fracture line that runs perpendicular to the root's long axis, which can be diagnosed by a combination of clinical assessment and radiographic examination. The prognosis of treatment is determined by various factors, including the fracture's location, the degree of root involvement, accurate diagnosis, and clinical care. In this case report, the management of a horizontal root fracture using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a fiber post in the maxillary left central incisor is presented.

Background: Backwalking, also known as walking backward or walking backward, is a way of walking backward instead of forward. While it may seem strange, the reverse movement is popular in the fitness and rehabilitation world because of its unique effect on several muscle groups, including the hip flexors. The hip flexors are a group of muscles located in front of the hip joint. They play a key role in flexing the hip and lifting the legs, allowing for movements such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. The primary hip flexor muscles are the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius. Methods: If there is no discomfort, have the patient walk back and forth for 10 minutes. This training lasts for 4 weeks, 20 minutes each time, 3 days a week, 12 times in total. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant improvement in hip flexor strength in both male and female groups, especially on the right side. Discussion: The results of this study will provide us with a deeper understanding of the treatment of backward walking training on hip flexor strength in university students. The improvements in hip flexor strength are attributed to structural changes in the hip flexors. Walking backward after four weeks of exercise. Conclusion: This study concluded that returning to therapy improved hip flexor strength.

Aims and background: The increasing prevalence of cannabis consumption necessitates a comprehensive examination of its impact on health and associated risks. Materials and methods: The pattern of cannabis use and incidence of cannabis abuse (CA) dependence among the 1,914 cannabis user population was investigated from randomly selected wards of Bikaner city (Northwest Rajasthan), where an epidemiological survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of cannabis abusers with psychiatric and cognitive manifestations. All users were screened and analyzed clinically. The brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), cannabis experienced questionnaire (cannabis consumption frequency and form of dose), and neurocognitive battery were used for detecting any cognitive impairment. Results: Cannabis use was reported by 1,914 out of 17,545 populations of 20 surveyed wards in Bikaner city, with a prevalence of 10.91%. Current CA (74.45%), compared with past cannabis users (25.55%), shows highly significant values due to current users’ intake of heavy cannabis routinely. Psychiatric problems such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, mixed anxiety-depression disorder, and psychotic disorder show a significant correlation with the cannabis abuser population (p < 0.001). Apart from psychiatric manifestations, 12.12% of cannabis abusers have neurocognitive impairment. Conclusion: The high prevalence and regular usage of cannabis among the general population of Bikaner city suggest the need for assessing its prevalence in other regions with similar or dissimilar geographical and cultural characteristics. Clinical significance: While cannabis use has traditionally been considered harmless, the findings of associated psychiatric and neurocognitive impairments indicate a different narrative. The easy accessibility of cannabis, particularly among the young, is concerning and necessitates immediate action.